Years ago I was involved a study that compared strike force of various MA.
It was for a study on protective gear.
We had to hit HB, dummies, force plates and a sparring partner.
All of them were hooked up with sensors to evaluate median and peak impact force ( not psi which gives a less than ideal reading for high velocity impacts).
There are also studies done on cadavers to see how much force is need to break bones, necks, ribs, things like that, for the automotive industry so they can design better protection for drives and passengers.
Some of the values thrown around come from those automotive studies on cadavers and crash dummies with sensors BUT a lot of them are just "made up" crap to be honest.
Psalms 144:1
Praise be my Lord my Rock,
He trains my hands for war, my fingers for battle !